The effect of aluminum treatment on metabolism in oil palm seedlings

Due to rainfall and high temperatures, the Amazonian soil undergoes changes in its source material and leaching of base cations. This results in deep, infertile, and acidic soil. Aluminum present in acidic soil impairs plant growth and development by inhibiting root formation, enzymatic reactions, absorption, transport, and nutrient utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aluminum dosage on the metabolism of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. The experimental design was randomized, with five replications, in which dosages of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg L-1 aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) were administered. Electrolyte leakage, nitrate, nitrate reductase, free ammonium, soluble amino acids, proline content, and soluble proteins were analyzed in the leaves and roots of the oil palm. The highest concentration of aluminum was found in the roots. AlCl3 treatment at 40 mg L-1 increased electrolyte leakage, nitrate, ammonium, and proline concentrations in the roots, and amino acid concentrations in both the leaves and roots. Furthermore, a decrease in nitrate reductase enzyme activity was observed in the roots. This study demonstrates that the oil palm has mechanisms of tolerance to aluminum toxicity.

Nitrogen and carbon metabolism evaluation in paricá plants subjected to different cadmium concentrations

The development of anthropogenic activities such as industry, mining, agriculture, urban waste discard has been, the main actions that result in increased contamination by heavy metals in soil, water and air. One of the most harmful metals made available by these activities is cadmium, and even at low concentrations it is very toxic mainly in plant structures. The objective of this work was to verify the biochemical behavior of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in young plants of paricá when submitted to increasing cadmium application. For this, a completely randomized experiment was carried out with five treatments (control, CdCl2 178 µM, CdCl2 356 µM, CdCl2 534 µM, CdCl2 712 µM), with seven replicates, totaling 35 experimental units. The sensitivity of this vegetable to the increasing concentrations of cadmium was evident. The root system it presents'' saw where the most toxic element accumulated, solutes such as carbohydrates, sucrose were affected in their concentrations, mainly in the leaves. The root system saw in its concentrations of glycine betaine a possibility of osmoprotection, but this did not reflect an increase in the concentration of nitrate in both leaf and roots. In the other hand, this fact not observed by the concentration of ammonium that increased in the root system. The results showed that the cadmium was transported to aerial part, however, concentrated mainly in the root system characterizing as a phytoextractor species.

Space variability of phenological indicators of common bean crop / Variabilidade espacial dos índices fenológicos da cultura do feijão

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has a representative agricultural holding, not only for the economic value of its production, but also for the large area of growing in Brazil. In the harvest 2016/17, this work was conducted in a Quartzarenic Neosol in the municipality of Cassilândia, MS. The objective of this work was to characterize the structure and magnitude of the spatial distribution of phenological indices of the common bean crop and to map the phenological indices in order to visualize the spatial distribution and to evaluate the spatial correlation among common bean yield and plant variables: grain yield (YIE), mass of one hundred grains (MHG), number of grains per plant (NG), number of grains per pod (NGP), number of pods per plant (NP), dry matter (DM), plant length (PL) and stem diameter (SD), sampled in a grid of 117 georeferenced points (81 points of base grid and 36 points of higher density grid). Analysis of these data through statistical and geostatistical techniques made it possible to verify that the production and yield components presented spatial dependence. There was a positive spatial correlation among common bean yield and the mass of one hundred grains, number of grains per pod and plant length, demonstrating that they have a strong spatial dependence.

A cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem representativa exploração agrícola, não só pelo valor econômico de sua produção, como também pela grande área de cultivo no Brasil. No ano agrícola de 2016/17, este trabalho foi conduzido em um Neossolo Quartzarênico no município de Cassilândia, MS. O trabalho objetivou caracterizar a estrutura e a magnitude da distribuição espacial de índices fenológicos da planta em lavoura de feijão e realizar o mapeamento desses índices fenológicos, de forma a visualizar a distribuição espacial, e avaliar a correlação espacial existente entre a produtividade do feijoeiro e as variáveis da planta: produtividade de grãos (PG), massa de cem grãos (MC), número de grãos por uma planta (GP), número de grãos por uma vagem (GV), número de vagem por uma planta (VP), massa seca de uma planta (MS), comprimento da planta (CO), diâmetro do colmo (DC), amostrados em uma malha de 117 pontos georreferenciados (81 pontos da malha base e 36 pontos de malha com maior densidade). A análise destes dados por meio das técnicas estatísticas e da geoestatística possibilitaram constatar que os componentes de produção e produtividade do feijão apresentaram dependência espacial. Houve destaque na correlação espacial positiva entre a produtividade do feijoeiro e a massa de cem grãos, grãos por vagem e comprimento da planta, demonstrando que as mesmas possuem uma dependência espacial forte.

Contribution of morphological traits for grain yield in common bean / Contribuição de caracteres morfoagronômicos para produtividade de grãos em feijoeiro comum

In Brazil, the common bean crop has representative agricultural exploitation, not only because of its production economic value, but also because there is a large cultivation area. This research aimed to investigate the direct and indirect relationship of morphological components on grain yield in common bean plants. This study was carried out in a Quartzarenic Neosol in the municipality of Cassilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in the agricultural year of 2016/2017. The evaluated traits were: grains yield (GY) with its primary components; mass of one hundred grains (HG); number of grains per plant (GP); number of grains per pod (GPP); dry weight of aerial parts (DWA); number of pod per plant (PP); plant dry mass (DM); plant high (PH); and stem diameter (SD). Initially, the Pearson's correlation among these traits was estimated and the correlation network was used to graphically express the obtained results. Analysis of these data through the statistical techniques of multicollinearity diagnosis followed by path analysis enabled to verify that the number of pod per plant, the mass of one hundred grains, and the number of grains per plant, among the primary components of grain yield, are the traits of greater potential to select and identify superior genotypes for grain productivity yield, and that dry matter and stem diameter traits showed a negative correlation with grain yield in common bean grains.

No Brasil, a cultura do feijoeiro tem uma exploração agrícola representativa, não só por seu valor econômico de produção, mas também porque existe grande área de cultivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a relação direta e indireta de componentes morfológicos no rendimento de grãos nas plantas de feijão comum. Este estudo foi realizado em Neossolo Quartzarênico no município de Cassilândia, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, no ano agrícola de 2016/2017. As características avaliadas foram: produtividade de grãos (GY) com seus componentes primários; massa de cem grãos (HG); número de grãos por planta (GP); número de grãos por vagem (GPP); massa seca da parte aérea (DWA); número de vagens por planta (PP); massa seca da planta (DM); altura de planta (PH); e diâmetro do caule (SD). Inicialmente, a correlação de Pearson entre esses caracteres foi estimada e a rede de correlação foi usada para expressar graficamente os resultados obtidos. A análise desses dados através do diagnóstico de multicolinearidade seguida de análise de trilha permitiu verificar que o número de vagens por planta, a massa de cem grãos e o número de grãos por planta, entre os principais componentes do rendimento de grãos, são os caracteres de maior potencial para selecionar e identificar genótipos superiores para a produtividade de grãos no feijoeiro e que a matéria seca e o diâmetro do caule mostraram uma correlação negativa com a produtividade de grãos em grãos.